{"id":8567,"date":"2025-04-01T22:23:36","date_gmt":"2025-04-01T20:23:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/?post_type=publication&#038;p=8567"},"modified":"2025-09-05T20:04:01","modified_gmt":"2025-09-05T18:04:01","slug":"melk-en-klimaat-basis-en-kanttekeningen","status":"publish","type":"publication","link":"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/en\/publication\/milk-and-climate-basics-and-sidenotes\/","title":{"rendered":"Milk and climate: the basics and some side notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8567\" class=\"elementor elementor-8567\" data-elementor-post-type=\"publication\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5404409 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5404409\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-core-v316-plus=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c4e075 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9c4e075\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 13-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the agricultural sector, especially dairy farming, attention to climate change is growing. The sector is actively engaged with various initiatives in which farms play a key role.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But what exactly is the climate problem? And what does the term carbon footprint mean? Why does this topic get so much attention? What is the role of agriculture in this? And are there any side notes on the impact of dairy farming?<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article, we answer these questions step by step, starting with the basics.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a064c9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a064c9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 13-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Greenhouse effect and global temperature<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b3996c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b3996c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We talk about a product's carbon footprint in the context of global warming - the steady increase in the earth's average temperature.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"translation-block\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The temperature on our planet is largely determined by the natural greenhouse effect. This creates a <\/span><b>balance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> between the solar energy the Earth absorbs and the heat radiated back, some of which is retained in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases. This natural process makes the earth livable with an average temperature of 15\u00b0C. Without the greenhouse effect, the average temperature on our planet would be around -19\u00b0C.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f43dc27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f43dc27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.20.0 - 13-03-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/t1n-greenhouse.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ODU4NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2QxYno5NGowNm4xY3QwLmNsb3VkZnJvbnQubmV0XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNFwvdDFuLWdyZWVuaG91c2UucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" src=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/t1n-greenhouse-1024x680.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8584\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/t1n-greenhouse-1024x680.png 1024w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/t1n-greenhouse-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/t1n-greenhouse-768x510.png 768w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/t1n-greenhouse-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/t1n-greenhouse.png 1039w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Source: climatechallenge.be\/nl\/themas\/het-klimaat<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b76c2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b76c2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), methane (CH\u2084), nitrous oxide (N\u2082O) and water vapor (H\u2082O). Together they affect the Earth's temperature, in addition to other factors such as solar activity, for example.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since the creation of our planet about 4.5 billion years ago, natural processes have fluctuated the concentrations of these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This has resulted in alternating ice ages and warmer periods, often over tens of thousands to millions of years.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Looking at the past 2500 years, the CO\u2082 concentration remained relatively stable for a long time. This changed dramatically after the <\/span><b>industrial revolution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, when James Watt's more efficient steam engine (1760-1770) enabled the large-scale use of fossil fuels, such as coal. This greatly increased CO\u2082 emissions in a short period of time, resulting in a rapid rise in CO\u2082 concentration in the atmosphere. In other words, the historical <\/span><b>balance was upset<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71f2185 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"71f2185\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CO2-atmosphere.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ODU4OCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2QxYno5NGowNm4xY3QwLmNsb3VkZnJvbnQubmV0XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNFwvQ08yLWF0bW9zcGhlcmUucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"362\" src=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CO2-atmosphere.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8588\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CO2-atmosphere.png 512w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CO2-atmosphere-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CO2-atmosphere-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Source: ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/CO<sub>2<\/sub>-long-term-concentration <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f55229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f55229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has been scientifically proven that the rapid rise of CO\u2082 in the atmosphere since 1850 is entirely due to <\/span><b>human activities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This includes methane and nitrous oxide. Since then, the Earth's average temperature has increased by about 1.5\u00b0C. This warming can be explained solely by the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and not by natural factors such as solar activity.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c86bce elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8c86bce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/T-earth.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ODYwMSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2QxYno5NGowNm4xY3QwLmNsb3VkZnJvbnQubmV0XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNFwvVC1lYXJ0aC5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"362\" src=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/T-earth.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8601\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/T-earth.png 512w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/T-earth-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/T-earth-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Source: ourworldindata.org\/CO<sub>2<\/sub>-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b230ef0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b230ef0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If no action is taken, climate models predict that average temperatures could increase by 5\u00b0C or more by 2100 in the worst-case scenario. The consequences of this are <\/span><b>radical<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: more frequent extreme weather events, crop failures, water shortages and mass migrations.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To combat climate change, the international community has taken action in recent decades. The Kyoto Protocol was a first step. The UN Climate Conference in Dubai (COP28, 2024) reaffirmed the objective of the Paris Agreement (COP21, 2015): limit warming to well below 2\u00b0C, with a goal of no more than 1.5\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f22fc65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f22fc65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Impact of agriculture\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20289dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20289dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like other sectors in the global economy, agriculture also contributes to climate change. In the EU, agriculture is responsible for <\/span><b>10,8%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of total human greenhouse gas emissions, expressed in CO\u2082 equivalents (more on this below). The largest impact comes from CO\u2082 emissions from burning fossil fuels for energy, transportation and industry.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5d368b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f5d368b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/EU-GHGemissions.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ODYwMiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2QxYno5NGowNm4xY3QwLmNsb3VkZnJvbnQubmV0XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNFwvRVUtR0hHZW1pc3Npb25zLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"509\" src=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/EU-GHGemissions.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8602\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/EU-GHGemissions.png 512w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/EU-GHGemissions-300x298.png 300w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/EU-GHGemissions-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/EU-GHGemissions-12x12.png 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Source: europarl.europa.eu\/topics\/nl\/topic\/climate-change<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67ede58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67ede58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Looking at livestock production in the EU, beef, cow's milk and pork have the largest contribution in <\/span><b>absolute figures<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> . Emissions from beef production and cow milk production each amount to about 29%, pork production accounts for 25%, all other animal products together account for 17% of total emissions from livestock [1].<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6eb7d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d6eb7d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2025-04-01-22_45_04-Melk-en-klimaat_-de-basis-en-enkele-kanttekeningen-Google-Docs.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ODYwNSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2QxYno5NGowNm4xY3QwLmNsb3VkZnJvbnQubmV0XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNFwvMjAyNS0wNC0wMS0yMl80NV8wNC1NZWxrLWVuLWtsaW1hYXRfLWRlLWJhc2lzLWVuLWVua2VsZS1rYW50dGVrZW5pbmdlbi1Hb29nbGUtRG9jcy5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"446\" src=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2025-04-01-22_45_04-Melk-en-klimaat_-de-basis-en-enkele-kanttekeningen-Google-Docs-1024x571.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8605\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2025-04-01-22_45_04-Melk-en-klimaat_-de-basis-en-enkele-kanttekeningen-Google-Docs-1024x571.png 1024w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2025-04-01-22_45_04-Melk-en-klimaat_-de-basis-en-enkele-kanttekeningen-Google-Docs-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2025-04-01-22_45_04-Melk-en-klimaat_-de-basis-en-enkele-kanttekeningen-Google-Docs-768x428.png 768w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2025-04-01-22_45_04-Melk-en-klimaat_-de-basis-en-enkele-kanttekeningen-Google-Docs-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/2025-04-01-22_45_04-Melk-en-klimaat_-de-basis-en-enkele-kanttekeningen-Google-Docs.png 1495w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Source: Evaluation of the livestock sector's contribution to the EU greenhouse gas emissions [1].<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ff317d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ff317d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Carbon footprint of milk<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e596172 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e596172\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Three greenhouse gases are important in dairy farming: <\/span><b>carbon dioxide<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (CO\u2082), <\/span><b>methane<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (CH\u2084) and <\/span><b>nitrous oxide<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (N\u2082O). A major contribution comes from enteric fermentation, the process by which microorganisms in the rumen of ruminants break down nutrients releasing methane. In addition to methane from rumen fermentation, there are also methane emissions from volatilization from manure, nitrous oxide emissions from manure storage and fertilization, carbon dioxide emissions from fuel use, and carbon dioxide emissions from land use change. You can find more explanation of these different emission sources, for example, in our <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/nl\/publication\/carbon-footprint-van-vlaamse-melk-casestudy-met-farmdesk-climate\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">previous publication<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each greenhouse gas has a different ability to retain heat in the atmosphere. One could therefore report emissions of the different gases separately. However, to allow comparison with other industries that emit only CO\u2082, for example, emissions are converted into <\/span><b>CO\u2082 equivalents<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A CO\u2082 equivalent of a certain greenhouse gas indicates how much heat it retains relative to the same amount of CO\u2082 over a specific time period. The international community generally uses a period of 100 years, giving each greenhouse gas a <\/span><b>GWP100 factor<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global Warming Potential<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> .<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biogenic methane (the term \"biogenic\" will be explained later) has a GWP100 factor of 27, meaning that 1 particle of methane in 100 years contributes 27 times more to global warming than 1 particle of CO\u2082. Nitrous oxide has a GWP100 factor of 273, meaning it contributes an even much larger amount.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To calculate the carbon footprint <\/span><b>per unit of milk<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> , the total emissions released from milk production are divided by the amount of milk produced. To make a comparison possible here as well, FPCM (Fat and Protein Corrected Milk) is used. In this way, one obtains a <\/span><b>carbon footprint<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> expressed in grams of CO\u2082 equivalents per kilogram of measured milk (<\/span><b>g CO\u2082-eq\/kg FPCM<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The average carbon footprint of milk in Europe varies, but is typically between 1000 and 1500 g CO\u2082-eq\/kg FPCM [2]. The final value can vary greatly between farms and depends on, for example, productivity, cropping plan, fertilization and ration composition. There are several strategies to reduce the carbon footprint, each with a techno-economic impact, as already discussed in our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/nl\/publication\/carbon-footprint-reductie-op-een-vlaams-melkveebedrijf-is-30-mogelijk\/\">previous <\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/nl\/publication\/carbon-footprint-reductie-op-een-vlaams-melkveebedrijf-is-30-mogelijk\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">publication<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-513d197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"513d197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Side notes<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4888c43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4888c43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has been scientifically proven that climate change is a real problem and that humans play a significant role in it. Denying or dismissing these facts does not help or bring solutions. However, it is crucial to approach the problem as scientifically as possible and consider the full picture. From that perspective, three observations can be made.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a34ca97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a34ca97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Side note 1: short-lived biogenic methane versus long-lived CO\u2082<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7681566 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7681566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cattle are capable of digesting <\/span><b>high-fiber roughage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> such as grass - foods that humans cannot digest. They convert these energy sources into milk and meat. During the digestion process by the microorganisms in the <\/span><b>rumen<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> also produces methane, which is emitted through the animal's mouth.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. At the same time, methane is a short-lived gas: it remains in the atmosphere for about ten years before it is broken down to mainly CO\u2082. This released CO\u2082 is then reabsorbed by plants through photosynthesis, which grows new forage. This <\/span><b>circle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> - of methane from cattle, to the atmosphere, to plants and back to cattle - is known as the <\/span><b>biogenic<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> carbon cycle. If as much methane is formed as is reabsorbed by plants (roughage) after decomposition to CO\u2082, the balance is maintained.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This contrasts with CO\u2082 or methane released from the combustion of <\/span><b>fossil<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> fuels. These gases come from carbon stocks stored in the earth for millions of years. When burned, they add additional greenhouse gases to the atmosphere without natural reabsorption.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce562de elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ce562de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/fossil-versus-biogenic-methane.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ODYwNiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2QxYno5NGowNm4xY3QwLmNsb3VkZnJvbnQubmV0XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNFwvZm9zc2lsLXZlcnN1cy1iaW9nZW5pYy1tZXRoYW5lLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"556\" src=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/fossil-versus-biogenic-methane.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8606\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/fossil-versus-biogenic-methane.png 936w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/fossil-versus-biogenic-methane-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/fossil-versus-biogenic-methane-768x534.png 768w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/fossil-versus-biogenic-methane-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Source: 10 questions and answers about methane, a short-lived greenhouse gas [3].<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5125f05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5125f05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emission reports are often based on GWP100 (the 100-year impact), equating one ton of methane to 27 tons of CO\u2082. However, GWP100 does not take into account the fundamentally different behavior of methane and CO\u2082. Nitrous oxide, the other major greenhouse gas in agriculture, behaves much more like CO\u2082 and is therefore well represented by conventional GWP measures.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The much shorter lifetime of methane compared to CO\u2082 makes comparison of climate impact difficult. Nevertheless, a comparison of the global warming impact of the various greenhouse gases is necessary to make policy choices. To better reflect the true impact of methane emissions, the <\/span><b>GWP*<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Global Warming Potential Star) was developed as a complement to the traditional GWP100 method [4]. GWP* more accurately describes the actual warming caused by methane (CH\u2084).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The diagram below compares the impact of long-lived, cumulative CO\u2082 (red) with that of a short-lived methane (blue). Three scenarios are shown: a steady increase in emissions, a constant amount of emissions, and a decrease in emissions to zero, in all cases over several decades. The bottom panels show the temperature change due to these emissions.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When emissions increase, both CO\u2082 and methane cause warming.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With constant CO\u2082 emissions, the temperature continues to rise because CO\u2082 continues to accumulate in the atmosphere. In contrast, constant biogenic methane emissions lead to stable methane concentrations in the atmosphere, so temperatures continue to rise only very slowly.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As CO\u2082 emissions fall, temperatures continue to rise as long as they are not zero. In contrast, a decrease in methane emissions by more than about 3% per decade leads to a decrease in temperature.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0508e4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0508e4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/GWP-star.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ODYwNywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2QxYno5NGowNm4xY3QwLmNsb3VkZnJvbnQubmV0XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNFwvR1dQLXN0YXIucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"438\" src=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/GWP-star-1024x560.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8607\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/GWP-star-1024x560.png 1024w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/GWP-star-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/GWP-star-768x420.png 768w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/GWP-star-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/GWP-star.png 1316w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Source: climate metrics for ruminant livestock [5].<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35f572 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c35f572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Summary<\/strong>: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ethane requires a differentiated approach when evaluating climate impacts. For example, using GWP100 overestimates the impact of constant methane emissions on temperature. The alternative GWP* provides a more accurate picture of the actual climate effects of methane. and a <\/span>targeted reduction<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of methane emissions can be a powerful strategy to combat further warming.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed4ce4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ed4ce4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Side note 2: emissions versus nutritional value<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8a2598 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d8a2598\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The traditional method of comparing food sustainability focuses on the carbon footprint per kilogram of product. However, this approach does not take into account the <\/span><b>nutritional value<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. For example, a liter of milk offers significantly more nutrients than a liter of cola. From this perspective, it is interesting to include nutrients (proteins, vitamins and minerals) and their absorption in the human body.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When comparing animal to \"plant\" milk, we find that the carbon footprint of <\/span><b>plant-based<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> variants - expressed per kilogram of product - is lower than that of semi-skimmed milk. However, when the footprint is assessed based on nutrient content, semi-skimmed milk generally has a lower footprint, with the exception of soy drinks (as shown in the figure below). To improve nutritional value, plant-based beverages are often fortified with additional nutrients. For the fortified variety (on the right side of the figure and marked with an *), the footprint based on nutrient content for soy beverages, oat and almond drinks is lower than semi-skimmed milk, while coconut and rice drinks continue to have higher footprints [6].<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-320192d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"320192d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/animal-versus-plant-dairy.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6ODYwOCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2QxYno5NGowNm4xY3QwLmNsb3VkZnJvbnQubmV0XC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8wNFwvYW5pbWFsLXZlcnN1cy1wbGFudC1kYWlyeS5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"387\" src=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/animal-versus-plant-dairy-1024x495.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8608\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/animal-versus-plant-dairy-1024x495.png 1024w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/animal-versus-plant-dairy-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/animal-versus-plant-dairy-768x372.png 768w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/animal-versus-plant-dairy-1536x743.png 1536w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/animal-versus-plant-dairy-18x9.png 18w, https:\/\/d1bz94j06n1ct0.cloudfront.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/animal-versus-plant-dairy.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Source: Sustainability Evaluation of Plant-Based Beverages and Semi-Skimmed Milk Incorporating Nutrients, Market Prices, and Environmental Costs [6].<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c2a430 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c2a430\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Summary<\/strong>: dairy has naturally high nutritional value. If the dairy sector succeeds in reducing its footprint, dairy will remain competitive with plant-based varieties in terms of sustainability as well.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d2d8a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d2d8a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Side note 3: circularity in the food system<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28a6027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28a6027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The global food system is under pressure from several factors, including the effects of climate change, depletion of natural resources and even political conflicts. At the same time, the world's population continues to grow. A key question, therefore, is: <\/span><b>how to ensure healthy food for all while protecting the planet<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">? The answer is complex, as the food system is a dynamic and interconnected whole.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One promising approach that is gaining increasing attention is a <\/span><b>circular food system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Circular food systems utilize agricultural land primarily for crops for human consumption, while livestock are fed on low-value biomass, such as grassland, food industry by-products (e.g., brewer's grains and beet press pulp) and food waste, taking into account the importance of crop rotations primarily for soil fertility.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A recent study investigated the potential to redesign the European food system according to circular principles, with the aim of ensuring food security and reducing climate and environmental impact [8]. The current European food system was taken as the basis, with associated cropping plans, yields and fertilization.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The best-performing circular food system would produce food for an additional 767 million people with virtually the same land use, while the <\/span><b>CO<\/b><b>2<\/b><b>-emissions per person decrease by 38%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In this modified system, there is a significant reduction in beef cattle, pigs, broilers and laying hens, while <\/span><b>fish and dairy cattle increase by more than 100%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In the corresponding diet, there is a change in the ratio of animal to vegetable protein from 60:40 to 34:66.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Summary<\/strong>: a circular food system, with an essential role for dairy cattle, has the potential to significantly improve both human and planetary health.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5bcc31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a5bcc31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">References<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-112e213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"112e213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leip, A., Weiss, F., Wassenaar, T., Perez, I., Fellmann, T., Loudjani, P., Tubiello, F., Grandgirard, D., Monni, S., &amp; Biala, K. (2010). Evaluation of the livestock sector\u2019s contribution to the EU greenhouse gas emissions.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mazzetto, A. M., Falconer, S., &amp; Ledgard, S. (2022). Mapping the carbon footprint of milk production from cattle: A systematic review. Journal of Dairy Science, 105(12), 9713-9725.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vellinga, T., &amp; Groenestein, K. (2022). 10 questions and answers about methane, a short-lived greenhouse gas.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lynch, J., Cain, M., Pierrehumbert, R., &amp; Allen, M. (2020). Demonstrating GWP*: A means of reporting warming-equivalent emissions that captures the contrasting impacts of short- and long-lived climate pollutants. Environmental Research Letters, 15(4).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allen, M., Lynch, J., Cain, M., &amp; Frame, D. (2022). Climate metrics for ruminant livestock.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">de Jong, P., Woudstra, F., &amp; van Wijk, A. N. (2024). Sustainability Evaluation of Plant-Based Beverages and Semi-Skimmed Milk Incorporating Nutrients, Market Prices, and Environmental Costs. Sustainability, 16(5).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Foley, J. A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K. A., Cassidy, E. S., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., Mueller, N. D., O'Connell, C., Ray, D. K., West, P. C., Balzer, C., Bennett, E. M., Carpenter, S. R., Hill, J., Monfreda, C., Polasky, S., Rockstr\u00f6m, J., Sheehan, J., Siebert, S., ... Zaks, D. P. M. (2011). Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Van Zanten, H. H. E., Simon, W., Van Selm, B., Wacker, J., Maindl, T., Frehner, A., Hijbeek, R., Ittersum, M. K. van, &amp; Herrero, M. (2023). Circularity in Europe strengthens the sustainability of the global food system. Nature Food, 4.<\/span><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><p>What exactly is the climate problem? Why is this issue getting so much attention? What is the role of agriculture in this? And are there comments on the impact of dairy farming?<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8572,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[75,82],"ppma_author":[47],"class_list":["post-8567","publication","type-publication","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-carbon-footprint","category-dairy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Melk en klimaat: de basis en enkele kanttekeningen | Farmdesk<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmdesk.eu\/en\/publication\/milk-and-climate-basics-and-sidenotes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Melk en klimaat: de basis en enkele kanttekeningen | Farmdesk\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Wat is het klimaatprobleem juist? 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